August 13,  closure of borders between the West and East Germany, Start of building Berlin Wall

1913 – Invention of rustless steel  later to be called stainless steel by English metallurgist Harry Brearley.

1923 – National Conference in Turkey appoints  Mustafa Kamal Ataturk Prime Minister.

1960 – Central Africa announces  independence from France.

1961 – Closing borders between West and East Germanys, East German authorities begin building the Berlin Wall to permanently close off access to the West.

2004 – The opening of the Summer Olympic Games in Greece.

1899 – English film director and producerSir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born.

1926 – Former Cuban President Fidel Castro was born.

1953 – Palestinian Author Khalil Sakakini passes away.

Hala Zain/ Hazem Sabbagh